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Iraqi Research Foundation for Analysis and Development

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History of Iraq

Known as the “Cradle of Civilization,” Iraq has a rich and complex history. Known inhabitants date back to the Chalcolithic-Stone Age. Iraq was conquered and inhabited by numerous empires, including the Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonian, Seleucid and Parthian. The Ottoman Empire came to power in the 16th century and ruled until after World War I, when the British Empire took control for twelve years. Finally, after centuries of occupation, in 1932 Iraq established itself as its own Kingdom. In the present day, Iraq is a federal parliamentary democratic republic, run by a centralized governments.

Iraqi Contributions to World History in English


Iraqi Contributions to World History in Arabic


Abbas Ibn Firnas

Abbas Ibn Firnas lived from 810-887 A.D. He is famous for his first attempt at flight. He was also an avid engineer, poet, musician and inventor.

Abin Alhaythim

He laid the foundation for modern cameras. He found a way to project an image onto a small service in a dark room, later called camera obscure. Cineam, cameras all share the same principal.

Abo Alkasim Alzahrawi

Abo Alkasim Alzahrawi is known as the father of surgery.

Miriam Al Istrably

Miriam Al Istrably is known as the female inventor of the Arab compass and calculator.

A History of Iraqi Occupation

Sumerian Empire 4500 BC (Iron Age)

Assyrian Empire 2500 BC-2300 BC

Akkadian Empire 2334–2154 BC

Babylonian Empire 1894 BC

Neo-Assyrian Empire 934-609 BC

Medo-Persian Empire 550–330 BC

Seleucid Empire 312 BC–63 BC

Parthian Empire 247 BC – 224 AD

Sasanian Empire 224 CE to 651 CE

Rashid Caliphate-Abbasid Caliphate 7th Century known as the Islamic Golden Age

Ottoman Empire 16th Century

Mamluk Dynasty

Mandatory Iraq – British Empire 1920-1932

INDEPENDENCE Kingdom of Iraq established in 1932; Republic of Iraq established in 1958.

Saddam Hussein’s Rule 1979-2003

  • Iran-Iraq War
  • Persian Gulf War

American Invasion, 2003

American Exodus, December 2011

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